Public Policy Blog
Updates on technology policy issues
Identifying available spectrum
Monday, March 4, 2013
Posted by Alan Norman, Principal, Access
Cross-posted from the
Official Google.org blog
Today, there are billions of phones, tablets, laptops and other mobile devices connecting to the Web wirelessly. Meanwhile, people living in parts of the world without wired infrastructure rely on wireless broadband for their last mile connection. As more people go online and the number of wireless devices grows, so does the need for spectrum.
There is available spectrum out there -- but it can be hard to find if you don't know where to look. One way we're trying to help researchers and other stakeholders identify available spectrum is through dynamic spectrum sharing. Spectrum sharing allows devices to use spectrum when it is not in use by someone else simply by checking a data base. We're in the process (with
several others
) of
becoming a certified
database administrator for a band of spectrum called the
TV white spaces
.
Today, we’ve reached a milestone in the certification process: our
database
is beginning a
public trial
with the FCC. Our trial site allows industry stakeholders (broadcasters, cable, wireless microphone users, licensed spectrum holders) to test and provide feedback on the database. The trial site also allows anyone to find out how much TV white spaces spectrum is available at any location, such as your home or office.
Google Earth visualization of available TV whitespace spectrum.
The completion of the trial will bring us all one step closer to freeing up more spectrum, which in turn will help the industry bring new wireless technologies to market and enable people to get wireless Internet access when and where they need it.
How you, and Google, can help prevent identity theft
Wednesday, February 27, 2013
Posted by Pablo Chavez,
Director, Public Policy
Yesterday, the Federal Trade Commission released its
annual list of the top categories of consumer complaints
received by the agency. In 2012, for the
thirteenth year in a row
, complaints about identity theft topped the list.
Identity theft has real consequences for consumers. It enables fraudsters to open lines of credit, drain banking, savings, and retirement accounts, file false tax returns, and falsify medical records. Victims often incur significant out-of-pocket expenses, spend considerable time trying to fix the problems created by the theft, and experience emotional stress as they attempt to repair the damage to their lives.
Keeping our users’ information safe and secure is among our highest priorities at Google, and we are continuously adjusting our security practices as
threats from identity thieves and account hijackers evolve.
In 2010, we turned
SSL encryption on by default
for Gmail users to protect their messages from being snooped on by others, and have since extended this security measure to services like Google Search and Google Drive as well. In 2011, we made our
2-step verification
service
available for all Google Accounts
so users could add an extra layer of security and protection to their account.
And as
we noted last week
when we saw spammers start to focus their attention on breaking into legitimate Google accounts in 2010, our security team further strengthened the Google Account sign-in process. This allowed us to reduce the number of accounts compromised by those specific kinds of attacks by 99.7 percent.
You can read more about
how Google helps protect you from identity theft
, and steps that you can take to help protect yourself and keep your family safe online on our
Good to Know
site. We encourage anyone concerned about online safety or identity theft to take five minutes today and do the following:
Make sure you are using strong, unique passwords for each of your important online accounts;
Make sure your account recovery options are up-to-date to help services contact you if there is a problem with your account; and
Turn on
2-step verification
for your Google Account.
We’ll continue to work hard to protect our users and help make the Internet a safer place for everyone from threats like identity theft and online fraud. And to keep identity theft from making the consumer complaint list for a fourteenth year in a row, we look forward to working with other companies, NGOs, and the public sector on identifying emerging security threats and improving consumer education efforts.
Let’s defend innovators against patent trolls
Wednesday, February 27, 2013
Posted by Suzanne Michel, Senior Patent Counsel
Patent trolls are hurting consumers and small businesses. Patent trolls don’t make anything of value to consumers, but rather extract profits from lawsuits against productive companies. Suits brought by trolls have quadrupled since 2005. They now account for
60% of all patent litigation
and are
disproportionately targeted at small businesses
. In
2011 alone, companies spent $29 billion fighti
ng trolls. That’s money that should have gone towards building great products, or creating hundreds of thousands of jobs.
There is no silver bullet when it comes to solving the troll problem, but Congress and the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) are taking steps in the right direction.
The trolls’ weapons of choice—used in
85% of their suits
—are software patents, many of
which are vague,
overbroad and invalid. The PTO should improve patent quality by requiring better descriptions and clearer claims. Today at a PTO-sponsored event in New York, I
spoke
on how better application of established legal principles can help to curb the issuance of overbroad software patents.
We’ve also been encouraged by the PTO’s new
partnership with the software community
and its recent
call for
public comment
on improving patent quality
. The Federal Trade Commission and Department of Justice are also
looking
at the serious threat posed by trolls to both innovation and competition. As President Obama explained in his recent
Fireside Hangout
, trolls “don't actually produce anything themselves, they're just trying to essentially leverage and hijack somebody else's idea and see if they can extort some money out of them.”
Congress should also make it easier for companies to recover money spent defending against frivolous troll suits. Legislation, such as the bipartisan
SHIELD Act
re-introduced this week in the House, can do much to reduce troll litigation
. And expanding the
covered business method program
of the America Invents Act to include more patents would create a robust alternative to litigation.
We look forward to continuing to work with the PTO, Congress and the software industry to find ways to improve patent quality, end the growing troll problem, and protect innovation and job growth.
Congress encourages the next generation of computer scientists
Wednesday, February 27, 2013
Posted by
Susan Molinari, Vice President, Public Policy and Government Affairs
Any student in the country could be the creator of the next big website or the next cool app. That’s why we’re excited that yesterday the House of Representatives passed
H. Res. 77
, a near-unanimous resolution highlighting the importance of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) — especially computer science — and establishing an annual, nationwide academic competition in these fields.
STEM disciplines are a source of jobs and innovation, and they are necessary for our workforce to match the fast pace of technological change. For example, an estimated
1.4 million
new jobs will require computing skills by 2020. Yet the US still lags in this area; only a small percentage of middle schoolers show proficiency in math and science, and only one third of bachelor’s degrees earned in this country are in a STEM field. For this reason, energizing students at an early age is crucial.
The competition established by the House resolution could engage students in various ways. To start, it calls for a challenge to create new apps for a range of platforms
.
Developing an app is a great way for students to gain hands-on experience in computer science, the next wave of opportunity in today’s economy. As technology advances, the competition may evolve to focus on different fields.
We believe it’s crucial to help kids and teens around the country move from being great consumers of technology to being great
creators
of technology — and competitions like this one can help drive that evolution. By reaching out to budding technologists in their districts, Members of Congress can foster a deeper enthusiasm for computer science. We hope this opportunity for students to showcase their creativity will spark interest in the STEM fields for years to come.
Apply for a 2013 Google Policy Fellowship
Wednesday, February 20, 2013
Posted by Nicklas Lundblad, Director, Public Policy
The Internet policy world is ripe with fascinating issues. From cybercrime to government surveillance and security, to public procurement, trade and open access to information, there has never been a more exciting time to get involved. We’re excited to launch the 6th summer of the Google Policy Fellowship, with new opportunities to work with organizations from Africa, Europe and Latin America in addition to ones in U.S. and Canada. Applications are open today, and students of all levels and disciplines are welcome to apply before March 15, 2013.
Fellows will spend ten weeks this summer working on a broad portfolio of topics at a diverse set of organizations, including:
Africa
ILab Africa
Kofi Annan Centre for Excellence in IT
Europe
Bruegel
ECIPE (European Centre for International Political Economy)
OpenForum Europe (OFE)
The Lisbon Council
Latin America
Asociasc
ón por los Derechos Civiles
Derechos Digitales
North America
American Library Association
Center for Democracy and Technology
Competitive Enterprise Institute
Creative Commons
EFF
Future of Music Coalition
Institute for Public Representation
Internet Education Foundation
Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies
Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
National Consumer League
National Hispanic Media Coalition
New America Foundation
Public Knowledge
Samuelson-Glushko Canadian Internet Policy & Public Interest Clinic
TechFreedom
Technology Policy Institute
The Citizen Lab
US Hispanic Chamber of Commerce
You can learn about the
program
, application process and
host organizations
on the
Google Public Policy Fellowship website
.
An update on our war against account hijackers
Tuesday, February 19, 2013
Posted by Mike Hearn, Google Security Engineer
(Cross-posted from the
Official Google Blog
)
Have you ever gotten a plea to wire money to a friend stranded at an international airport? An oddly written message from someone you haven’t heard from in ages? Compared to five years ago, more scams, illegal, fraudulent or spammy messages today come from someone you know. Although spam filters have become very powerful—in Gmail, less than 1 percent of spam emails make it into an inbox—these unwanted messages are much more likely to make it through if they come from someone you’ve been in contact with before. As a result, in 2010 spammers started changing their tactics—and we saw a large increase in fraudulent mail sent from Google Accounts. In turn, our security team has developed new ways to keep you safe, and dramatically reduced the amount of these messages.
Spammers’ new trick—hijacking accounts
To improve their chances of beating a spam filter by sending you spam from your contact’s account, the spammer first has to break into that account. This means many spammers are turning into account thieves. Every day, cyber criminals break into websites to steal databases of usernames and passwords—the online “keys” to accounts. They put the databases up for sale on the black market, or use them for their own nefarious purposes. Because many people re-use the same password across different accounts, stolen passwords from one site are often valid on others.
With stolen passwords in hand, attackers attempt to break into accounts across the web and across many different services. We’ve seen a single attacker using stolen passwords to attempt to break into a million different Google accounts every single day, for weeks at a time. A different gang attempted sign-ins at a rate of more than 100 accounts per second. Other services are often more vulnerable to this type of attack, but when someone tries to log into your Google Account, our security system does more than just check that a password is correct.
Legitimate accounts blocked for sending spam:
Our security systems have dramatically reduced the number of Google Accounts used to send spam over the past few years
How Google Security helps protects your account
Every time you sign in to Google, whether via your web browser once a month or an email program that checks for new mail every five minutes, our system performs a complex risk analysis to determine how likely it is that the sign-in really comes from you. In fact, there are more than 120 variables that can factor into how a decision is made.
If a sign-in is deemed suspicious or risky for some reason—maybe it’s coming from a country oceans away from your last sign-in—we ask some simple questions about your account. For example, we may ask for the phone number associated with your account, or for the answer to your security question. These questions are normally hard for a hijacker to solve, but are easy for the real owner. Using security measures like these, we've dramatically reduced the number of compromised accounts by 99.7 percent since the peak of these hijacking attempts in 2011.
Help protect your account
While we do our best to keep spammers at bay, you can help protect your account by making sure you’re using a
strong, unique password
for your Google Account,
upgrading your account
to use 2-step verification, and
updating the recovery options
on your account such as your secondary email address and your phone number. Following these three steps can help prevent your account from being hijacked—this means less spam for your friends and contacts, and improved security and privacy for you.
Safer Internet Day: How we help you stay secure online
Tuesday, February 5, 2013
Posted by Alma Whitten, Director of Privacy, Product and Engineering
Technology can sometimes be complicated, but you shouldn’t have to be a computer scientist or security expert to stay safe online.
Protecting our users is one of our top priorities at Google. Whether it’s creating easy-to-use tools to help you manage your information online or fighting the bad guys behind the scenes, we’re constantly investing to make Google the best service you can rely on, with security and privacy features that are on 24-7 and working for you.
Last year, we
launched
Good to Know
, our biggest-ever consumer education campaign focused on making the web a safer, more comfortable place. Today, on Safer Internet Day, we’re updating Good to Know to include more tips and advice to help you protect yourself and your family from identity theft, scams and online fraud. You can also learn how to make your computer or mobile device more secure, and get more out of the web—from searching more effectively to making calls from your computer. And you can find out more about how Google works to make you, your device and the whole web safer.
For example, we encrypt the Gmail and Google Search traffic between your computer and Google—this protects your Google activity from being snooped on by others. We also make this protection, known as session-wide SSL encryption, the default when you’re signed into Google Drive. Because outdated software makes your computer more vulnerable to security problems, we built the Chrome browser to auto-update to the latest version every time you start it. It gives you up-to-date security protection without making you do any extra work.
Even if you don’t use Google, we work hard to make the web safer for you.
Every day we identify more than 10,000 unsafe websites—and we inform users and other web companies what we’ve found. We show warnings on up to 14 million Google Search results and 300,000 downloads, telling our users that there might be something suspicious going on behind a particular website or link. We share that data with other online companies so they can warn their users.
We know staying safe online is important to you—and it is important to us too. To emphasize the importance of American’s online safety, Google will join the US Department of Education’s Office of Educational Technology, the Family Online Safety Institute (FOSI), the National Cyber Security Alliance, The Project to Get Older Adults onLine (GOAL), and the National PTA at the National Press Club in Washington D.C. to discuss the importance of Safer Internet Day, how people’s commitment to keeping themselves and the Internet safer doesn’t stop after 24 hours, and resources that can help families stay safe on February 5th and every day.
Watch live at 11am EST
.
Please take some time today to make your passwords stronger and
turn on 2-step verification
to protect your Google Account. Talk with friends and family about Internet safety. And visit our new Good to Know site to find more tips and resources to help you stay safe online.
A proud partner in the Workplace Charging Challenge
Thursday, January 31, 2013
Posted by Rolf Schreiber, Technical Program Manager, Electric Transportation
Cross-posted from the
Google Green Blog
At Google, we believe that plug-in vehicles are game-changers in the effort to reduce the carbon footprint of transportation, improve air quality, and increase the adoption of intermittent renewable energy sources. That’s why we’re excited to join the U.S. Department of Energy’s
Workplace Charging Challenge
, an initiative to increase the number of employers offering workplace charging by tenfold in five years.
Google has been dedicated to the
promise of electric vehicles
since 2007, when we outfitted a small fleet of Priuses and Escape Hybrids with homegrown dataloggers and installed an EV solar carport at our HQ in Mountain View. Our employees eagerly adopted the new technology, and we soon launched a corporate carshare program, called
GFleet
. GFleet provides Googlers with a low-carbon transportation option once they get to the office using alternative transportation (for instance, the Google shuttle, walking, biking, or carpooling). To date Googlers have driven GFleet vehicles over a quarter of a million miles.
To support GFleet and encourage Googlers to buy their own plug-ins, Google offers free on campus charging in Mountain View and eight additional office locations in the U.S. Now with more than 300 stations across the country, we’ve built the largest corporate charging infrastructure in the country.
We’re delighted to help drive progress in this space, and invite others to join the charge towards more EV infrastructure, cleaner air, and a sustainable future.
Mapping creates jobs and drives global economic growth
Wednesday, January 30, 2013
Posted by Brian McClendon, VP Google Geo
(Cross-posted from the
Official Google Blog
)
Twenty years ago, we used paper maps and printed guides to help us navigate the world. Today, the most advanced digital mapping technologies—satellite imagery, GPS devices, location data and of course
Google Maps
—are much more accessible. This sea change in mapping technology is improving our lives and helping businesses realize untold efficiencies.
The transformation of the maps we use everyday is driven by a growing industry that creates jobs and economic growth globally. To present a clearer picture of the importance of the geo services industry, we commissioned studies from
Boston Consulting Group
(BCG) and
Oxera
. What we found is that maps make a big economic splash around the world.
In summary, the global geo services industry is valued at up to $270 billion per year and pays out $90 billion in wages. In the U.S., it employs more than 500,000 people and is worth $73 billion. The infographic below illustrates some examples of the many benefits of maps, whether it’s improving agriculture irrigation systems or helping emergency response teams save lives.
Click the image for a larger version
1.1 billion hours of travel time saved each year? That’s a lot of time. Also, consider
UPS
, which uses map technology to optimize delivery routes—saving 5.3 million miles and more than 650,000 gallons of fuel in 2011. And every eight seconds, a user hails a taxi with
Hailo
, which used maps and GPS to deliver more than 1 million journeys in London alone last year. Finally,
Zipcar
uses maps to connect more than 760,000 customers to a growing fleet of cars in locations around the world.
Because maps are such an integral part of how we live and do business, the list of examples goes on and on. That’s why it’s important we all understand the need to invest in the geo services industry so it continues to grow and drive the global economy. Investments can come from the public and private sectors in many forms—product innovation, support of open data policies, more geography education programs in schools and more.
We’re proud of the contributions that
Google Maps
and
Earth
, the
Google Maps APIs
and our
Enterprise solutions
have made to the geo services industry and to making maps more widely available, but there’s a long way to go. To learn more about the impact of the maps industry, see the
full reports
.
Google supports high-skilled immigration reform
Tuesday, January 29, 2013
Posted by Laszlo Bock,
Senior Vice President, People Operations
We have
spoken out
in the past about the valuable contributions highly skilled immigrants have made at Google. From developing products like
Google News
and
Google Maps
to managing our business and global marketing operations, talented foreign-born individuals have played and will continue to play a vital role at Google and throughout our economy.
Our experiences here at Google and in the tech sector show us that immigrants to the U.S. are a powerful force for entrepreneurship and innovation at every level, from startups to multinational corporations.
I
mmigrants have founded 40 percent of companies in the tech sector that were financed by venture capital and went on to become public in the U.S., among them Yahoo, eBay, Intel, and Google.
And according to a recent
Kauffman Foundation study
, nearly a quarter of the engineering and technology companies founded in the U.S. between 2006 and 2012 had at least one key founder who was foreign-born. In 2012, these companies employed roughly 560,000 workers and generated $63 billion in sales.
Still, at a time when the U.S. economy needs it most, our immigration policies are stifling innovation. The 2013 cap for the H-1B visas that allow foreign high skilled talent to work temporarily in the U.S. was exhausted by
June 2012
, preventing tech companies from recruiting some of the world’s brightest minds. Additionally, the severe backlog of green card applications has forced many foreign-born, U.S. educated entrepreneurs to look elsewhere to start their businesses. Other countries, like
Chile
and
Canada
, have responded with immigration policies and programs that welcome these innovators who have been turned away from the U.S.
This is why we strongly support the bipartisan efforts being made to reform our high skilled immigration laws. We look forward to working with Congress and the Obama Administration to ensure that talented individuals will continue to innovate in the U.S. - a critical part of getting the economy back on track and making it stronger for the long-run.
Show off Your Security Skills: Pwn2Own and Pwnium 3
Monday, January 28, 2013
Posted by Chris Evans, Google Chrome Security Team
(Cross-posted from the
Google Chromium Blog
)
Security is one of the core tenets of Chrome, but no software is perfect, and security bugs slip through even the best development and review processes. That’s why we’ve continued to engage with the security research community to help us find and fix vulnerabilities. Recently, HP’s
Zero Day Initiative
(ZDI) announced details for the annual
Pwn2Own competition
, to be held at the
CanSecWest
security conference taking place March 6-8 in Vancouver, BC. This year we’ve teamed up with ZDI by working together on the Pwn2Own rules and by underwriting a portion of the winnings for all targets. The new rules are designed to enable a contest that significantly improves Internet security for everyone. At the same time, the best researchers in the industry get to showcase their skills and take home some generous rewards.
Today we’re announcing our third Pwnium competition—Pwnium 3. Google Chrome is already featured in the Pwn2Own competition this year, so Pwnium 3 will have a new focus: Chrome OS.
We’ll issue Pwnium 3 rewards for Chrome OS at the following levels, up to a total of $3.14159 million USD:
$110,000: browser or system level compromise in guest mode or as a logged-in user, delivered via a web page.
$150,000: compromise with device persistence -- guest to guest with interim reboot, delivered via a web page.
We believe these larger rewards reflect the additional challenge involved with tackling the security defenses of Chrome OS, compared to traditional operating systems.
The attack must be demonstrated against a base (WiFi) model of the Samsung Series 5 550 Chromebook, running the latest stable version of Chrome OS. Any installed software (including the kernel and drivers, etc.) may be used to attempt the attack. For those without access to a physical device, note that the
Chromium OS developer’s guide
offers assistance on getting up and running inside a virtual machine.
Standard Pwnium rules apply: the deliverable is the full exploit plus accompanying explanation and breakdown of individual bugs used. Exploits should be served from a password-authenticated and HTTPS-supported Google property, such as Google App Engine. The bugs used must not be known to us or fixed on trunk. We reserve the right to issue partial rewards for partial, incomplete or unreliable exploits.
Pwnium 3 will take place on-site at the CanSecWest conference on March 7.
Google’s approach to government requests for user data
Monday, January 28, 2013
Posted by David Drummond, Senior Vice President and Chief Legal Officer
(Cross-posted from the
Official Google Blog
)
Today, January 28, is Data Privacy Day, when the world recognizes the importance of preserving your online privacy and security.
If it’s like most other days, Google—like many companies that provide online services to users—will receive dozens of letters, faxes and emails from government agencies and courts around the world requesting access to our users’ private account information. Typically this happens in connection with government investigations.
It’s important for law enforcement agencies to pursue illegal activity and keep the public safe. We’re a law-abiding company, and we don’t want our services to be used in harmful ways. But it’s just as important that laws protect you against overly broad requests for your personal information.
To strike this balance, we’re focused on three initiatives that I’d like to share, so you know what Google is doing to protect your privacy and security.
First, for several years we have advocated for updating laws like the U.S. Electronic Communications Privacy Act, so the same protections that apply to your personal documents that you keep in your home also apply to your email and online documents. We’ll continue this effort strongly in 2013 through our membership in the
Digital Due Process
coalition and other initiatives.
Second, we’ll continue our long-standing strict process for handling these kinds of requests. When government agencies ask for our users’ personal information—like what you provide when you sign up for a Google Account, or the contents of an email—our team does several things:
We scrutinize the request carefully to make sure it satisfies the law and our policies. For us to consider complying, it generally must be made in writing, signed by an authorized official of the requesting agency and issued under an appropriate law.
We evaluate the scope of the request. If it’s overly broad, we may refuse to provide the information or
seek to narrow the request
. We do this frequently.
We notify users about legal demands when appropriate so that they can contact the entity requesting it or consult a lawyer. Sometimes we can’t, either because we’re legally prohibited (in which case we sometimes seek to lift gag orders or unseal search warrants) or we don’t have their verified contact information.
We require that government agencies conducting criminal investigations use a search warrant to compel us to provide a user’s search query information and private content stored in a Google Account—such as Gmail messages, documents, photos and YouTube videos. We believe a warrant is required by the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which prohibits unreasonable search and seizure and overrides conflicting provisions in ECPA.
And third, we work hard to provide you with information about government requests. Today, for example, we’ve added a new
section
to our Transparency Report that answers many questions you might have. And last week we released
data
showing that government requests continue to rise, along with additional details on the U.S. legal processes—such as subpoenas, court orders and warrants—that government use to compel us to provide this information.
We’re proud of our approach, and we believe it’s the right way to make sure governments can pursue legitimate investigations while we do our best to protect your privacy and security.
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